The Influence of Capital, Independence, and Education on Women's Entrepreneurial Motivation in Indonesia

Abstract


INTRODUCTION
The development of women's entrepreneurship in developing countries such as Indonesia has the potential to be the main motor driving the process of women's empowerment and social transformation. Currently, many women entrepreneurs are involved, especially in micro and small businesses, however the number in Indonesia only reaches 0.1 percent of the total population, this is certainly still far from expectations when compared to the total population of Indonesia.The issue of gender in the world of entrepreneurship is still valid today, but what we need to know is that the issue is no longer about the gap in the number of male and female entrepreneurs, instead what is currently developing is related to the equality of both in doing business. (Centre for Research on Women and Gender (KANITA) et al. 2019; Iskamto and Jenita 2020).
The old paradigm might say that it is men who do most of the work and create jobs for society. However, now the paradigm has shifted. The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), a research on the entrepreneurship of countries in the world, yielded information that in 2016, Indonesia had become one of the countries in Asia with a low level of inequality between women and men in entrepreneurship.The Mastercard Index of Women Entrepreneurs (MIWE) notes that women entrepreneurs tend to experience better development, this index indicates that both budding and experienced women entrepreneurs around the world are growing (Iskamto 2020;Iskamto, Ghazali, and Aftanorhan 2019). This index also shows that entrepreneurship opportunities are not necessarily in line with the pace of economic development in a country. Women in developing countries are perceived as entrepreneurs driven by the need to survive, even though they lack financial sources of capital and access to support services.Indonesia itself in the survey results occupies the 30th position as a country that has opportunities for women to become entrepreneurs. As many as 62.4 percent of women in Indonesia initially run their businesses because they are driven by need (Merdeka.com, 2018).
The general condition that occurs in Indonesian women, who in their first step into the business world is to help the family's economy, also occurs in Pekanbaru City. Pekanbaru is the capital of Riau Province, as one of the metropolitan capitals in Indonesia, Pekanbaru has a lot of business potential that you can rely on, one of the potential businesses that has great potential is to engage in the culinary field. The more difficult it is for women to move, for example when they are married, and the increasing unemployment rate, especially in the city of Pekanbaru, coupled with the increasing costs of living, makes women today to be more creative and innovative for entrepreneurship. (Iskamto, Ghazali, and Afthanorhan 2020). Women have a big role in national economic growth. Based on the results of research by the International Finance Corporation (IFC) in 2015, the contribution of women entrepreneurs to Indonesia's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) reached 9.1 percent. Deputy Governor of Bank Indonesia (BI) Rosmaya Hadi said the role of women in export activities also had a small contribution, which was under 5 percent. "Women entrepreneurs are generally small entrepreneurs and work in the informal sector, so their sales turnover is lower than male entrepreneurs," said Rosmaya at an international seminar event at the Jakarta Convention Center (JCC) (iNews.id, 2018). Indonesian women work more in the informal sector, reaching 40.2 percent of the total 60.9 million informal sector workers.

LITERATURE REVIEW
Based on the results of this research observation, in Pekanbaru City itself, more women choose a home-based culinary business at the beginning of their start of entrepreneurship, this is because entrepreneurship in the home-based culinary business does not require large capital and a large place of business at the beginning of the establishment of their business. women who just started the culinary business from their own kitchen. The choice of a home-based culinary business is indeed the right step in starting a business, this is because the barriers to entering a home-based culinary business are not as difficult as compared to other home-based businesses such as clothing or handicraft businesses. The fact that the growth of home-based culinary businesses is so rampant, which is mostly dominated by women as described above, indicates the factors that motivate them to decide to enter the world of entrepreneurship and become entrepreneurs. However, from various previous empirical studies that have been carried out by other researchers, the authors find that not many studies have been conducted specifically regarding the motivation of women in entrepreneurship in the field of home-based culinary businesses, especially in the context of Pekanbaru City. Atkinson (2011) proposes that there are three basic types of encouragement in motivated people: 1. The need for achievement is an impulse within a person to overcome all challenges and obstacles in achieving goals. Entrepreneurs are oriented and work hard if they perceive that they will gain personal pride for their efforts, if there is little risk of failure, and if they receive specific feedback on past achievements. 2. Need for power, the drive to influence people and change situations. Powermotivated people want to make an impact and are willing to take the risk to do so. 3. The need for affiliation (need for affiliation), the urge to relate to people on social grounds. Affiliate-motivated people perform better when they are praised for their pleasant demeanor and cooperation. The balance between these three drives varies from person to person. For example, one person may have a strong need for affiliation, while another person may have a strong need for achievement.

Role Capital
According to Syafri (2005;211) own capital is the owner's capital (owner equity) where equity is a remaining right on the assets of an institution after deducting its liabilities. In a company equity is the owner's capital. According to Soemarso (2004: 15) own capital is capital which is a source of spending company originating from the owner.

Role Independence
According to Poerwadarminta (2007:221) independence is a state of not depending on others. Desmita (2011: 185) explains that independence means: 1. A condition in which a person has a competitive desire to advance for his own good. 2.Able to take decisions and initiatives to overcome the problems encountered. 3. Have confidence and carry out their duties.

Role Education
The education factor is very important for the community, for the sake of advancing the quality of the community or nation, it is very dependent on the education that exists in the people of the nation. Muhibbin (2007) states that education is a deliberate effort that can lead to moral responsibility for all his actions. The essence of the meaning of the concept of education leads to one goal, namely an effort that is used as a process in fostering a person and society in general so that they can bridge the steps in living life so that they can achieve the life that everyone dreams of, namely enjoying a life that is all based on knowledge and life. prosperous, all needs are met with the emergence of creative and innovative ideas that can only be obtained through the education process.

Entrepreneurial Role
Entrepreneurship is defined as a person who creates work for others by establishing, developing, and institutionalizing his own company and is willing to take personal risks in determining business opportunities. According to Kasmir (2011) simply defines entrepreneurs (entrepreneurs) are people who have the courage to take risks to open a business in various opportunities. Having the courage to take risks means being mentally independent and having the courage to start a business, without being overwhelmed by fear, even in uncertain conditions. Drucker in Kasmir (2011) states that entrepreneurship is the ability to create something new and different. Meanwhile, according to Swasono in Suryana (2013), entrepreneurs are entrepreneurs, but not all entrepreneurs are entrepreneurs. (Farrukh et al. 2017;Iskamto and Ghazali 2021;Iskamto, Ghazali, and Aftanorhan 2020). From the definitions from several experts above, it can be concluded that entrepreneurship is a process of active attitude, ideas, creativity, and innovation in order to improve the quality of life and added value to society, while an entrepreneur is someone who has creativity, is independent and dares to take action. risk to achieve the highest commercial value by utilizing existing resources. Seeing the benefits of the existence of entrepreneurs above, there are two dedications of entrepreneurs towards nation building, namely: 1. As an entrepreneur, giving dharma filial piety streamlines the process of production, distribution and consumption. Entrepreneurs overcome the difficulties of employment, increase people's income.
2. As a nation's fighter in the economic field, increasing national resilience, reducing dependence on other nations.
According to Kasmir (2011) entrepreneurial knowledge is the basis of entrepreneurial resources contained within the individual. An entrepreneur will not succeed if he does not have the knowledge, ability, and will. There is a will but not having the knowledge and ability will not make someone a successful entrepreneur. On the other hand, according to Suryana (2013) having the knowledge and ability but not accompanied by the will will not make entrepreneurs achieve success. Some of the knowledge that must be possessed by entrepreneurs are: 1. Knowledge of the business to be entered/pioneered and the existing business environment. 2. Knowledge of roles and responsibilities. 3. Knowledge of business management and organization.

Entrepreneurial Woman Motivation
According to (Zimmerer and Scarborough, 2008:27), although it has been fought for years in the legislature, women still experience discrimination in the workplace. Nonetheless, small businesses have been pioneers in offering economic opportunities both entrepreneurship and employment. It is said that "Entrepreneurship has become unisex like jeans, where women can develop their dreams and greatest hopes". More and more women are realizing that being an entrepreneur is the best way to break through the male dominance that hinders career advancement over time to the top of the organization through their own businesses. In fact, 2.4 times more women open businesses than men. Although businesses opened by women tend to be smaller than those opened by men, the impact is by no means small. Women-owned companies employ more than 15.5 million employees or 35 percent more than all Fortune 500 employees worldwide. Women own 36 percent of all businesses. Although their businesses tend to grow more slowly than male-owned firms, female business owners have a higher viability than the rest of the business. Although 72 percent of women-owned businesses are concentrated in retail and services, women entrepreneurs thrive in industries previously dominated by men, such as manufacturing, construction, transportation and agriculture. Many studies on entrepreneurial motivation have been carried out where the research results show that the factors that influence entrepreneurial motivation are very diverse. Kumar et al. (2003) found that the entrepreneurial motivation of the participants involved in their research can be grouped into two, namely internal and external motivation. Included in the internal motivation are: the desire to do something new; the level of education of the participants; background; number of years of work experience; and the work background of the participants. Meanwhile, external motivation includes: government support and assistance; availability of production factors; and demand for promising products. Studies on entrepreneurial motivation are also carried out by adopting the theory of push and pull factors motivation to explore the factors that motivate individuals to start a new business venture. Gilad and Levine (1986) as cited in Zimmerer and Scarborough (2008), who initially studied entrepreneurial motivation from the theory of push (push theory) and theory of attraction (push theory).

METHOD
The city of Pekanbaru as a research location because in addition to considering the theory of time, cost and energy efficiency, the city of Pekanbaru is a fairly dense city, as well as the capital of Riau Province, so it can be representative for the needs of this research. The time of the research that has been carried out is in the range of six months, from February to July. The samples to be taken in this study were 97 respondents. The sampling method uses purposive sampling, namely the sampling technique of data sources with certain considerations or criteria. The criteria set out in this study are (1) the customer is at least 18 years old (2) has had a business of at least 2 years.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The validity test was carried out by comparing the calculated r value with the r table at a significance level of 5%. If r count > r table then the measuring instrument used is declared valid and vice versa. The r table value can be obtained with the equation N -2 = 97-2 = 95 so that the r table value is 0.199, and the calculated r value is obtained using the Corrected Item-Total Correlation method. the lowest correlation is 0.303, so all the items tested in this study are valid because they have an r table > 0.199, so they can be used for the next stage of analysis.

Reliability Test
According to Umar (2008:56), the reliability test for more than two alternative answers uses the Cronbach's alpha test, whose value will be compared with the minimum acceptable reliability coefficient value. Reliability test is used to measure the level of reliability of a questionnaire that is used as an indicator of the variables. If the resulting alpha coefficient 0.60, then the indicator is said to be reliable or reliable (trustworthy). From the results of reliability testing, it is known that the reliability value of all variables in this study is 0.60. This means that the measuring instrument used in this study is reliable or reliable (trustworthy). Thus, it can be concluded that the items for the six variables are good and worthy of further research.

Multicollinearity Test
From data processing, it is known that the two independent variables in this study have VIF < 10, so it can be said that there are no symptoms of multicollinearity between the independent variables in this study. This means that the two independent variables studied are not interconnected so that they are appropriate to be used as independent variables in the model.

Heteroscedasticity Test
From the data processing, the results of the entire X variable, namely Independence, Capital, Emotional, and education in this study, have a Spearman coefficient value > 0.6, so it can be concluded that there are no symptoms of heteroscedasticity between the variables in this study.

Normality test
From the data processing, it was found that the Kolmogorov-Smirnov significance value in this study was obtained at 0.075, 0.112 and 0.062, thus all the significance values obtained were > 0.05, so it can be concluded that all variables in this study met the requirements of the normality test. .

Multiple linear regression
Based on the results of data processing of service quality variables (X) and customer satisfaction (Y) using the SPSS (Statistics Product and Service Solution) program, the constant values and multiple linear regression coefficients can be seen in the following table:

Simultaneous Hypothesis Testing Table
The F test is used to determine the magnitude of the significant effect of the independent variable (X) simultaneously or together to the dependent variable (Y).  Vol.1, No.1, 2021ISSN: 2477-1368 https://adpebi.com/index.php/hbr  The value of the coefficient of determination for Adjusted R Square is 0.748. This means that the Entrepreneurial Motivation variable can be explained by the variables of Capital, Independence, and Education of 74.8% while the remaining 25.2% is influenced by other variables not examined in this study. . From the results of testing the variables simultaneously, the meaning is the level of Independence, Capital, Emotional, and Education if applied simultaneously to women's motivation for entrepreneurship in Pekanbaru will have a good and quite large influence on entrepreneurial motivation.